Conflict of interest statement: This study was carried out by Sumdog, a company providing free and paid versions of their software to schools.
The study design and planned analysis were reviewed by an independent academic and registered with the Open Science Framework prior to any data collection. The registration, along with associated documents, can be found at https://osf.io/3jyhe.
Maths fluency, defined as the ‘ability to recall and apply knowledge rapidly and accurately’ (Department for Education, 2014), is promoted by regular practice of concepts already taught (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2014). Fluency gives students the capability to be confident in their calculations and the cognitive capacity to focus on more complex, problem-solving aspects of the curriculum (Foster, 2019). In recognition of the lack of secure fluency in upper-primary school, and in an attempt to ensure a real focus on improving this, the government in England introduced a compuls
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